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Table of Contents
Introduction & Welcome Field Service Re-Living History Tactical Tips Company K School of the Soldier, Part I Taking the Field- Gearing Up Customs of the Service
Hello and welcome to the most effective time-machine available today-reenacting. Put on your uniform, shoulder your musket and march back into that most popular era- the American Civil War. No matter what your primary interest in the Civil War may be, you will find an outlet of expression for it through membership in the growing community of Civil War Reenactors and Living History Interpreters.
By enlisting in Company K, you have joined with a group of Civil
War buffs who portray the Union Army's unique Iron Brigade. Why
unique? Because the Iron Brigade was made up of men from the west-Wisconsin,
Indiana and Michigan. They were the only all-western brigade in
the mostly eastern Army of the Potomac. Though volunteers, they
were issued the fancy uniform of the U.S. Army regulars. Initially
nicknamed the Western, Bandbox and Black Hat Brigade, their fighting
skills earned for them the honor of being called the Iron Brigade.
They lived up to their name by suffering the highest percentage
of battle casualties of any federal brigade.
As reenactors, we keep alive the spirit of those men who answered
the call to duty so long ago. This handbook has been prepared
to acquaint you with your duties and responsibilities as a member
of Company K. Also to assist you in recreating this important
time in American history. In the following pages you will learn
about the regiment you portray-the Sixth Wisconsin Volunteers,
and about our own Company K. The Constitution and By-Laws and
Standing Operating Policies will let you see how we operate as
a democratic organization concentrating on Safety, Fun and Authenticity.
Sections on clothing, equipment, arms and accoutrements will cover
what you'll need as a reenactor and The School of the Soldier
will show you how to use them. Other helpful sections will guide
you to becoming the most effective visual reminder of that famous
brigade both in the field and in camp.
Your journey will be filled with wonderful, unforgettable experiences.
You will meet some very interesting people and share their stories.
You will travel to historic sites and smell the gunpowder of a
thousand rifles. You will be forever changed. Welcome aboard our
time machine!
Bob Patterson, Captain
Co. K., 6th W.V.I.
Preserving the past can be fun and exciting for you and your family. Authentically reproduced clothing, equipment, weapons and accessories allow you to look like a Civil War soldier. Training and practice enable you to march and fight like a Civil War soldier. Books, documents, letters, diaries and other available resources help you think, act and talk like a Civil War soldier. By putting these things together, you create a new character-your own impression of a Civil War soldier.
Your impression is important, too. The public sees you standing
there in uniform, holding your rifle and wearing all the implements
of a war fought long ago. For them, you are the expert. By putting
on that gear, you have separated yourself from that crowd which
calls itself The Civil War Buff. You have declared for all the
world, Hey, look at me! I am a living history interpreter-ask
me your questions! And they will ask you many questions. Some
are very good, others will make you grin and still others will
make you say I don't know-I'll have to find out! You should start
finding out now, too.
Start by learning what your role is in the company. Are you a
veteran reenactor with many years of service under your belt?
Or are you new to reenacting-full of questions and doubts and
maybe even a little afraid about all of this? Whichever you are,
don't worry. Be yourself and you will fit in with your new friends
just fine. Remember, you are the backbone of this company. Without
you, the captain has no one to obey his orders. Without you, the
public has no show. Without you, the service and sacrifice of
over three million men and women would be but a dusty footnote
in the pages of history.
You bring those pages to life. Not just for the public, but for
your fellow reenactors and yourself as well. Which is why you
have a responsibility to create the very best impression your
circumstances permit. Buy your gear from proven and reputable
merchants. If you are unsure about something, PLEASE check it
out first with one of your new comrades-in-arms. Ask questions!
Pay close attention during drill. Don't expect to hear it once,
see it once and then do it right. The motions and maneuvers of
19th century military tactics are as complicated as ballet-with
far more dangerous consequences if not executed properly. You
will be taught how to stand at attention, how to march in a straight
line, how to hold your rifle and how to load and fire it. You
will receive individual instruction in these parts of the School
of the Soldier. After you show some ability, you will be placed
in a squad with others, and this is where the real learning begins.
Now you become part of the team-the rank and file of the company.
Listen to your instructors. Do you notice how they stress safety
all of the time? Practice what you learn as much as you can. Don't
worry about what your neighbors think of you marching all over
the back yard. You might want to be careful about practicing your
loading and firing drill, though.
Now, about all those books, documents, letters, diaries and so forth
Acting is the biggest part of reenacting and you are the star! The best actors research their roles to fully develop their characters. The best reenactors create their own characters based on information available through period documents and official records; the letters, books and diaries of participants; and the wealth of artifacts housed in museums and by collectors throughout the country.
The depth of your Civil War character is limited only by your
willingness to read and research. Many reenactors are quite satisfied
to read only general histories of the war, come out to events
and participate in the big battle so they can shoot and whoop
it up around the camp fire at night. That's fine. There is room
enough in this avocation of ours for all manner of impressions.
Serious reenactors, however, recognize that our chief responsibility
is to tell the stories of those we portray.
Learn the history of your regiment-your brigade-your corps. Who
were your commanders? Who was the captain of your company? Can
you name some of the men in your unit? Where were they from? How
old were they? What did they do before they joined up? Did they
have families? Were they killed, wounded or taken prisoner during
the war? Just by answering these simple questions you have started
to develop your character.
With enough research and practice you will be able to do a first-person
impression. This is where you transform yourself into that Civil
War soldier. You talk about the war as if it were really going
on and you are an active part of it. You talk about your officers,
the food and the endless drills you must endure. You talk about
the battles you've been in and whether or not you skedaddled in
your first fight. Around the campfire, you write letters to the
folks back home and sing songs which remind you of your sweetheart.
When you've reached this level in your character development you
will be an example for other reenactors to follow. The public
will come to you to answer their questions. And if, by chance,
they ask you something you don't know, you can always refer them
to the corporal over there with the stripes on his arm, 'cause
he's a right smart feller.
Company K, Sixth Regiment Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, Iron Brigade, was formed on July 17th, 1991, one day past the 130th anniversary of the date of muster of the original 6th Wisconsin. From humble beginnings, just the two co-founders at the formation ceremony, this company has grown to become one of the most recognized units in the reenacting and living-history communities. What makes Company K so special?
First, the company represents the hardest-fighting unit in the
Union Army-the famous Iron Brigade. The Iron Brigade suffered
the highest percentage of battle casualties of any comparable
federal organization during the Civil War. Renowned on both sides
for their fighting ability, the Iron Brigade was distinquished
by its regulation black hat, known as the Uniform Hat, complete
with black ostrich feather. They were well drilled in military
tactics. Made up of the 2nd, 6th and 7th Wisconsin, 19th Indiana
and later the 24th Michigan regiments, the Iron Brigade was the
only all-western brigade in the Union's Army of the Potomac. By
portraying these hard-fighting soldiers, Company K has set itself
apart from the more numerous, but less distinctive eastern regiments.
Second, the organization of Company K remains true to the vision
of its co-founders to establish a completely democratic unit run
by the membership and not subject to the whims of any single individual
in charge. This is a company run by consensus, not by executive
order. Members vote on all issues brought before the company at
monthly meetings and any drills or events where quorum is present.
For example, the commander makes recommendations to the company
regarding rank and the membership approves or denies that recommendation.
No one individual or select group of individuals makes the decisions
which impact the unit. This is very rare.
Third, as befitting the status of Volunteers, participation in
this company is strictly voluntary. No minimum requirement of
events, meetings or drills to maintain membership. This is almost
unheard of in reenacting groups! You are encouraged to attend
as many events as possible, for each member adds much to the experience
of the others, but we all recognize that, as a pastime, other
priorities may have to come first-at least once in a while!
Fourth, Company K is an unincorporated association of individual
reenactors-all volunteers who pay their own way as outlined in
the Constitution & Bylaws and
the Standing Operating Policies.
While new recruits receive assistance in borrowing gear, they
are expected to acquire their own clothing and equipment just
as soon as possible.
Fifth, The company pubishes a newsletter-The
Black Hat. It is filled with the latest company news, event
information, helpful how-to articles and unit history. The
Black Hat is sent to Iron Brigade buffs all across the
country.
Finally, the most important thing which sets us apart from other
groups is our membership. Company K is a unique collection of
diverse personalities drawn together in one common purpose-to
learn more about the life of the Civil War soldier. Members are
students and teachers, craftsmen and casino workers, business
professionals and mechanics-quite literally as different as those
we portray. Each has his or her own reason for becoming a reenactor
and living history interpreter. Each contributes something positive
to the experiences of the group. Together, we put on the best
demonstrations of camplife and battle. Our performance is acclaimed
by the public and fellow reenactors alike. Everyone knows the
black hats-that, too, is quite special in this wonderful pastime
of recreating Civil War history.
Two lines of troops- one blue and one gray- maneuver into position and blaze away at each other in mock battle. Clouds of gray smoke fill the air; the rattle of musketry and thunder of cannon drown out all other sound. Riflemen bite cartridges and the bitter taste of the black powder hangs on nervously swollen tongues. They pour the powder down hot musket barrels. Sweat streams down every forehead and stings eyes that seek a target- or a place to fall down. Officers and sergeants yell out orders. There is some confusion and even more smoke. Suddenly one side charges, the other wavers and then breaks. It is all over. Hearts pounding, blood pumping, adrenaline rushing; the soldiers remember and honor those who fought on both sides of the American Civil War.
As a recruit into the ranks of Company K, getting into the quick
battle scenario described above is your top priority. Your first
questions are probably, "what do I need, where do I get it,
and how much will it cost?"
What Do I Need?
Only thirty-five items of clothing, equipage, arms and accouterments are necessary to purchase in order to have a complete impression of the Union infantry soldier of the Iron Brigade. That's right, thirty-five individual items from hat to bootees (period shoes) and from muskets to tent pins (stakes). Of course only sixteen are needed to dress the part and stay in camp with your new comrades. Want to drill and fight in the battles? Add another six pieces. The other thirteen goodies allow you complete independence.
By now you might be saying, it can't be that simple, right? But
it can be. In fact it is. The following is a list of the sixteen
articles needed to dress the part and stay in camp:
Uniform Hat
Uniform Coat
Trowsers
Bootees
Shirt
Drawers
Socks
Blanket, wool
Blanket, Gum
Canteen
Haversack
Tin Cup
Tin Plate
Knife, Fork, Spoon
The items of clothing allow you to look the part of the Iron Brigade soldier. The blankets allow you to sleep rolled up campaign style or in a tent. The other articles allow you to eat and drink authentically.
Do you want to drill and take the field at a reenactment? Then you'll need these six items:
Rifle
Bayonet & Scabbard
Waist Belt & Plate (buckle)
Cap Box & Pick
Cartridge Box, Tins & Plate
Cartridge Box Belt (sling) & Plate
The arms and accouterments are the most expensive items of your kit, but without them, your impression is greatly limited.
Ready to complete your impression? Just add these thirteen things:
Extra Shirt
Extra Pair Drawers
Extra Pair Socks
Shelter Half
Shelter Half Pole (2 Pieces)
Shelter Half Pins (3)
Shelter Half Rope (6 Feet)
Knapsack
Musket Screwdriver
Musket Wiper
Musket Tompion
The extra clothes add much to your comfort. The shelter and accessories allow you to button up with a comrade and create a period soldier's tent. The knapsack holds your blankets, shelter half, accessories and extra clothes. The musket tools allow you to keep your weapon clean and in perfect working order- a safety necessity.
With just these thirty-five items of clothing, equipage, arms and accouterments you can live and tell the soldier's story as they lived it.
Where Do I Get It?
In the beginning, you may be able to borrow a uniform and some equipment from one of the veteran members of the company who has extra gear. If you do, be sure to return it in the same condition as you received it. If any loaned gear is damaged or lost, you are expected to replace it. Because equipment is easier to make fit than uniforms, your clothing should be your first priority. Get your period brogans right away and get them broken in. The easiest way is to simply walk in water with them and keep them on for a while so they mold to your feet. Then let them air dry. You can stuff newspaper in them to absorb the water and keep shoe trees in them to maintain their shape.
Next, get your black hat. Wearing your own hat rather than a borrowed
one makes you feel much more a part of the company. Your uniform
coat and trousers complete the exterior man. If you wear eye glasses,
obtain some period frames and have your prescription lenses put
in them. Nothing spoils an impression quicker than the wrong style
eye glasses.
You buy your stuff from merchants called sutlers. BEWARE, not
all sutlers are created equal. Some sutlers offer museum quality
replicas of period clothing and equipment based on years of study
and research. Other sutlers are simply profiteers and will sell
you anything regardless of its authenticity. Many fall somewhere
in between. Do some research yourself to make sure that what you
buy is both authentic in detail and correct for your impression.
ASK your officers and noncommissioned officers in Company K if
you have any questions.
Remember, just because a sutler sells something does not mean
that it is proper or period. Check the reputation of each before
you buy.
How Much Will It Cost?
General Orders, No. 864, dated November 12, 1863 specifies the allowance and cost of clothing for each soldier in the Union army. By leaving out unrelated or unavailable items a practical document has been created to give you an idea of the cost of items necessary to portray a private in the Iron Brigade. The items of clothing, equipage, arms and accouterments and their allowance are as listed on official Quartermaster and Ordnance forms of the period. The prices shown are derived from the latest catalog of sutler A.J. Fulks of Fall Creek Sutlery, whose products are reasonably priced and of varying degrees of authenticity.
Please remember that this is a guide for your use in obtaining
those articles which will help get you into the ranks of Company
K and out into the field of reenacting. Do your homework. Obtain
some of the reenacting periodical such as The
Civil War News or the Camp Chase
Gazette. They are filled with advertisements from many
sutlers. Get all the catalogs you can. Do not hesitate to call
or talk to anyone in the company about their experiences with
those sutlers. Some sutlers offer very good mail order service
while others should best be visited in the field at an event.
Compare catalogs before deciding and then shop around. Reenacting,
like any other activity, can be very expensive. Figure on spending
at least $1,700.00 for the complete package based on reasonably
authentic items at a fair price. The more authentic your kit,
the more expensive it is- but then you won't have to replace it
all once you discover how much you love this new hobby of yours!
What should you expect at your first field event? You're
nervous. You're excited. You've waited with breathless anticipation
for this moment. The order to fall in comes booming down the company
street. In an instant all around you is confusion and activity
as your pards put on their gear, grab their rifles and head for
the color line. You do the same. The roll is called, the first
sergeant yells out your name-here! The captain takes command.
In each rank count-Twos. Shoulder-Arms. Right-Face. Forward-March.
Your company joins the battalion. Everyone waitsthe colonel is
satisfied and the battalion marches off to find the rebels. Load
at will-Load.
If your colonel is smart, he's sent out skirmishers. If
you're lucky, it's your company. First Platoon-as skirmishers.
On the left file-take intervals. March. Deploy! In a single line
five paces apart you and your comrades move forward trying to
see the rebels before they see you. POP. What was that? Over there
by the tree line-a little puff of smoke. POP. POP. More smoke.
Right wheel-March! Commence-Firing. Your partner fires and loads.
When his rifle is at the ready, you fire, load and come to the
ready. The two of you operate as a team loading and firing alternately
so that one of you is loaded at all times.
Out of the woods comes a long gray line of battle. In retreat-March.
Halt. POP. POP. POP. Cease-Firing. Assemble on the Reserve. About-Face.
Forward-March. The blue battalion comes onto line. By the right
flank-double quick-March. As your company unmasks the front of
the battalion the colonel orders it to fire by company. BOOM.
BOOM. BOOM. The rebs fire back. Your company is now the battalion
reserve and you try to catch your breath. Sweat pours from every
pore. You drink from your new canteen. No one notices that you
have been watching everything your partner does and doing exactly
what he does-only a second or two behind him.
The battalion is flanked-a favorite rebel trick. Attention-Company.
Shoulder-Arms. Left-Face. Forward-double quick-March. By company
into line-March. Company-Halt. Firing by company. Company ready-Aim.
Fire. Load. Firing by file. Commence-Firing. You and your file
mate wait for the file next to you to fire. As they bring down
their rifles to load you take aim and fire. Then you load and
fire as fast as you can. Your rifle barrel heats up fast. You
wrap your handkerchief around your hand to keep from being burned.
You're so excited that you barely notice anyway.
The quick action has saved the flank of the battalion. As another
union battalion moves onto the field, your battalion changes front
forward on your company to press the rebels back into the woods
from whence they came. Forward-guide center-March. Align on the
colors-guide on the colors. Double quick-March. Charge-Bayonet.
Charge! If you can keep up now, victory will be yours! The gray
line moves back slowly. The union tide is unrelenting. The rebel
colors are ordered to the rear for fear that they will be captured.
The rebels do not like to fight without their colors and soon
they, too head for the rear. You've made it! Congratulations.
You have seen the elephant. You are now a veteran reenactor.
1. ALWAYS have a full canteen when leaving camp for battle.
2. ONLY carry water in your canteen.
3. DRINK lots of water before, during and after each field activity. Dehydration will occur quickly when wearing wool and running around in ninety degree weather. In cooler weather, it sneaks up on you! A good indicator is whether or not you must empty your bladder. If you do, you have enough fluids in your system. If you don't-drink up!
4. TAKE off your hat whenever you halt. By keeping your head cool, your body will respond likewise.
5. CARRY a plain handkerchief or bandanna. When you get hot, wet it and put it in your hat.
6. TUCK your pant legs into your socks to keep nasty little bugs off you.
7. OPEN your coat and roll up your sleeves when on campaign.
8. ANY time you feel ill-SIT DOWN. If you're overheated, take off your equipment and your coat. Unbutton your trowsers. Take your shoes off if you have to. Drink cool water. Wipe your exposed skin with a wet cloth. Keep a wet cloth on your neck. If you stop sweating-SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY. Be wary of too much ice. Too much can send your body into shock! Heat exhaustion or heat stroke is no joke.
9. PAY attention to what is going on around you. That will keep you out of dangerous situations. Watch your comrades to the left and right. Do they appear to know what they are doing? How about your company officers. Do they give the proper commands? Are they watching out for their men? Are they watching out for you?
10. ASK questions!!! You are not an expert-yet. No one expects you to know or do everything perfectly right away. NO reenactor knows everything, despite what many may tell you.
11. LISTEN for your officer's commands. Don't get confused by all the noise around you.
12. REMEMBER, this is supposed to be fun. Do your best.
If you see something unsafe, speak up! Enjoy yourself.
Once you have your uniform, rifle and accoutrements and look like a Civil War soldier, you are ready to learn how to act like a Civil War soldier. This section uses period drill manuals to teach you. Nothing can replace the practical training of the company as a whole. By studying this part of the handbook, though, you will be more familiar with the commands and with what is expected of you in your portrayal of the finest regiment of the finest fighting brigade in the Union army.
Commands
There are three types of commands:
1. The command of caution-used to warn of an upcoming manuever.
2. The preparatory command-indicates which movement to perform.
3. The command of execution-such as march or halt, indicates to
begin the movement.
For this section, commands of caution and preparatory commands will be in italics, and commands of execution will be in capitals.
Position of the soldier without arms.
This is the position of attention. It is the position from
which all other movements begin and end, so doing it properly
is very important.
1. Stand upright with your heels together, or as near together
as possible, on the same line.
2. Your feet should be spread out equally, forming a little less
than a right angle.
3. Keep your knees straight, but without stiffness. When standing
for any length of time, be sure to flex the knees occassionaly
to prevent stiffness.
4. The upper body should be straight and tall, inclining slightly
so that your weight is on the balls of your feet.
5. Keep your shoulders square to the front. This alone will keep
your alignment in the ranks.
6. Let your arms hang naturally at your sides, elbows near the
body.
7. Turn the palms of your hands towards the front with your little
fingers along the seams of your trowsers.
8. Your head should be up and square to the front.
9. Your eyes should be fixed straight to the front and striking
the ground about fifteen paces to the front.
Assume this position when you hear the command: 1. Attention. 2. COMPANY.
Eyes right, left and front.
Command: 1. Eyes. 2. RIGHT.
At the word right, turn the head slightly to the right. The inner
corner of your left eye should form a straight line with the buttons
of your coat. Your eyes should be fixed on the eyes of the men
to your right, in the same rank.
Command: FRONT.
At the word front, turn your head back to front
Command: 1. Eyes. 2. LEFT.
At the word left, turn your head slightly to the left. The inner
corner of your right eye should form a straight line with the
buttons of your coat. Your eyes should be fixed on the eyes of
the men to your left, in the same rank.
Command: FRONT.
At the word front, turn your head back to the front.
Rest.
Command: 1. In place. 2. REST.
At the word rest, you may take your ease, but keep one foot in
place.
Command: 1. Attention. 2. SQUAD. (company or battalion,
etc.)
At the word Attention, fix your eyes to the front. At the
word SQUAD, resume the position of the soldier without arms.
Facings.
The chief principle of all facing movements is turning on the
left heel. ONLY by turning repeatedly on the left heel can you
maintain your position and alignment in the ranks.
Command: 1. Squad. 2. Right-FACE.
At the word FACE, raise the right foot slightly as well as the
toes of the left and turn on the left heel. Replace the right
foot by the side of the left. This should be done as one smooth
movement.
Command: 1. Squad. 2. Left-FACE.
At the word FACE, raise the right foot slightly, as before, and
the toes of the left foot. Turn on the left heel and bring the
right foot, again, by the side of the left-remembering that the
heels are together, but the feet still form that less than right
angle. Notice also that you are once again facing the front. If
you have done it properly, you are in the exact spot from which
you started. If you are not, practice until you are.
Command: 1. Squad. 2. About-FACE.
At the word About, turn on the left heel and bring the
toes of the left foot straight to the front. At the same time,
lift the right foot and bring it behind and perpendicular to the
left. The hollow of the right foot should be about three inches
from the left heel forming an inverted open T. At the word FACE,
raise your toes and turn on both heels fully to the rear. Bring
the right heel back in line with the left. This movement is done
in two distinct parts-first forming the inverted open T, and then
turning to the rear and taking the position of the soldier without
arms. This facing movement is the most difficult to master, but
done properly, is the true distinction of veteran troops.
Principles of the direct step.
The length of the direct step, or pace is twenty-eight inches.
There are three rates of march, or cadences:
1. Common Time-90 steps per minute.
2. Quick Time-110 steps per minute.
3. Double Quick Time-165 steps per minute. Also the length of
the step increases to thirty-three inches.
Command: 1. Squad, forward. 2. Common time.
3. MARCH
At the word forward, put your weight on the right leg,
without bending the knee and prepare to step off with your left
foot. At the word MARCH, step off with your left foot twenty-eight
inches reckoning from heel to heel. Continue with your right at
90 steps per minute until ordered to halt.
Command: 1. Squad. 2. HALT.
At the word HALT, which may be given when either foot is coming
down, the foot in rear will be brought forward and planted by
the side of the other. This movement has two parts-planting one
foot and then bringing the other forward.
Command: 1. Squad, forward. 2. MARCH.
At the word forward, as in Common Time, put your weight
on your right leg and prepare to step off with your left foot.
At the word MARCH, step off with your left foot twenty-eight inches
from heel to heel. Continue with your right, at the rate of 110
steps per minute, until ordered to halt.
Command: 1. Squad, forward. 2. Double-quick.
3. MARCH.
At the word forward, put your weight on your right leg and prepare
to step off with your left. At the word Double-quick, raise your
hands level with your hips, the hands closed, nails towards the
body and elbows to the rear. At the word march, step out with
your left foot thirty-three inches from heel to heel, the leg
slightly bent. Continue with your right, at a rate of 165 steps
per minute until ordered to halt.
Please note that the rate of the double -quick step may
change from 165 steps per minute to 180 steps per minute, if the
tactical situation warrants. At this faster rate, four thousand
yards should be passed over in about twenty-five minutes. The
double-quick is not a run. You are expected to maintain your place
in the ranks with your comrades. The run is only used in emergencies
and not for long distances.
One helpful suggestion-breathe as much as possible through your
nose, keeping your mouth closed. This allows purer oxygen into
your system and is less tiring. Also by keeping your mouth closed,
you are better able to hear the commands from your officers.
This section deals with military courtesy, specific duties and responsibilities for soldiers in the field or in camp, and other details to help you perfect your impression. It is based on U.S. Army Regulations of 1861 (U.S. Reg.) and the book Customs of Service, by August V. Kautz, capt. Sixth U.S. Cavalry, originally printed in 1864 (Kautz).
The Salute
"When a soldier without arms, or with sidearms only, meets an officer, he is to raise his hand to the right side of his cap or hat, palm to the front, elbow raised as high as the shoulder, looking at the same time in a respectful and soldier-like manner at the officer, who will return the compliment thus offered." (U.S. Reg. 256)
"A non-commissioned officer or soldier being seated, and
without particular occupation, will rise on the approach of an
officer, and make the customary salutation. If standing, he will
turn toward the officer for the same purpose. If the parties remain
in the same place or on the same ground, such compliments need
not be repeated." (U.S. Reg. 257)
"The foregoing regulations should be strictly observed
by enlisted men; and their faithful performance will add much
to the military reputation of a company or regiment. The following
customs are equally binding, though not provided for in Regulations:
When soldiers are marching in the ranks, they do not salute, unless
ordered at the time. If employed at any work, they are not expected
to discontinue their employment to salute." (Kautz)
"A soldier or non-commissioned officer, when he addresses
an officer, or is spoken to by one, salutes; on receiving the
answer or communication from the officer, he again salutes before
turning to go away." (Kautz)
"When a soldier enters an officer's quarters armed, he simply
makes the required salute, and does not take off his cap or hat;
but without arms, or with sidearms only, he takes off his cap
or hat and stands in the position of the soldier, and delivers
his message or communicates what he came for in as few words as
possible and to the point." (Kautz)
Duties in Camp or Garrison
"It is the duty of the soldier to be always present with his company for duty, and attend all the standing roll-calls and exercises, unless specially excused by his commanding officer, or he is sick and excused by the surgeon, or is absent on duty.
"The various duties to which a soldier is subject are matters
of regular detail,-each soldier taking his regular tour of each
as it comes,-and consist, in the main, of the following:-1st.
Guards. 2d. Working-parties, or Fatigue. 3d. Daily Duty.
"The roster for these various details is kept by the first
sergeant, and the longest off are the first to be detailed."
(Kautz)
Guard
"When the soldier is placed upon post, he becomes a sentinel;
his duties then are of two distinct characters,-those which belong
to all sentinels on all posts, and those peculiar to the post
on which he is placed. The former are called general and the latter
special." (Kautz)
General Guard Duties include walking the lengths of a beat; preventing
damage to property by others; calling out for the corporal of
the guard with your post number for all disturbances; to salute
officers according to rank; to alert the guard when approached
by an armed body of men; to report all violations of camp or garrison
orders, regulations, or of the Articles of War.
Special Guard Duties are related to the specific post to which
you may be assigned. These will be passed on to you by the sentinel
you relieve.
To salute officers with the rank of captain or below who pass
near your post, halt and face outwards with your rifle at a "carry."
Officers above the rank of captain, along with the officer of
the day and the commanding officer will be saluted by coming to
"present arms".
Generally after taps, but sometimes after retreat, begin to challenge
those who approach your post. Come to the ready and call out Who
comes there? If answered-Friend, with the countersign, reply-Advance,
friend with the countersign. If answered-Friends, reply Halt,
friends! Advance one with the countersign. At the sign of any
trouble call for the corporal of the guard or discharge your rifle-this
will alert the guard.
"Neither officers nor soldiers are to take off their clothing
or accoutrements while they are on guard." (U.S. Reg. 409)
"Sentinels will not take orders or allow themselves to be
relieved, except by an officer or non-commissioned officer of
their guard or party, the officer of the day, or the commanding
officer." (U.S. Reg. 413)
"Sentinels must keep themselves on the alert, observing everything
that takes place within site and hearing of their post. They will
carry their arms habitually at support, or on either shoulder,
but will never quit them. In wet weather, if there be no sentry-box,
they will secure arms." (U.S. Reg. 415)
"No sentinel shall quit his post or hold conversation not
necessary to the proper discharge of his duty." (U.S. Reg.
416)
"All persons, of whatever rank in the service, are required
to observe respect toward sentinels." (U.S. Reg. 417)
"When sentinels are required to remain at their posts at
all hazards, the soldier has no alternative except to die at his
post if necessary. No nobler death can fall to the lot of a soldier:
whilst no greater ignominy can befall him than to desert his post
in time of danger, when the lives of others are dependent upon
the performance of his duty."
"To be surprised, or to fall asleep, in times of danger,
is a crime of the gravest character, and punishable with death.
Sometimes, when popular violence is threatened, the courage and
firmness of a single sentinel may intimidate and keep back a mob,
whilst timidity and doubt might encourage them. True courage will
defend the post to the last. No man can desire a nobler death
than to die in the cause of right." (Kautz)
Fatigue
This duty includes those labors not restricted to military
needs, but still vital for the efficient operation of the company
or regiment such as wood or water detail, foraging, building breastworks
or entrenchment's, or improving the grounds around camp. They
are usually performed without arms and are under the supervision
of an officer or non-commissioned officer.
"In cases of more than ordinary fatigue or exposure, it is
the custom to make an issue of whiskey to the men on fatigue."
(Kautz) Don't count on it! (Patterson)
Daily Duty
These are continuous duties such as company cooks, clerks,
tailors or standing orderlies that exempt the soldier from ordinary
company formations . Those designated for daily duty have demonstrated
a special skill or interest in that area. Anyone chosen for daily
duty is still expected to demonstrate proficiency at drill and
take his place in the ranks for battle.
The Infantry Soldier
"In the infantry is the main strength of an army. Cavalry and artillery are the auxiliaries. The final results of a war or campaign are achieved by this arm of the service; and the foot-soldier should bear in mind the importance of his position, and seek to achieve the highest perfection of his arm. No cavalry or artillery can stand against perfect infantry properly handled." (Kautz)
As an infantry soldier, you will be called upon to stand shoulder
to shoulder in ranks with your comrades and portray the traditional
battle scenario. You may also be called upon to act as a picket,
skirmisher or flanker. In these cases, you will be separated by
a minimum of five paces from your nearest comrade. A quick review
of these duties will help you understand what is expected of you.
"PICKETS are used as advanced sentinels making up part of
the Advanced Guard. Courage and common sense are the principle
requisites for a picket. Your instructions are usually quite plain
and easily understood: the only difficulty is to remember them
at the critical moment."
"The duties of the pickets are to keep a vigilant watch over
the country in front, and over the movements of the enemy, if
in sight, to prevent all unauthorized persons from passing in
or out of the lines, and to arrest all suspicious individuals.
In case of attack, they will act as a line of skirmishers, and
hold their ground to the last moment. If forced to retire, they
will slowly close their intervals and fall back upon their supports."
(Kautz)
"SKIRMISHERS are soldiers thrown forward and deployed at
intervals of from ten to twenty paces, according to the point
they are to cover; if a column on the march, or a line of battle
advancing to attack, to conceal the movements or give timely notice
of the enemy."
"The skirmishers should endeavor not to advance beyond or
fall in rear of the line, should keep their proper intervals,
and be guided by the center of the line."
"Skirmishers should use their eyes and ears. They are the
feelers with which the army searches its way into the enemy's
country; and every suspicious or important circumstance should
be reported at once to their immediate superiors. No one should
be allowed to escape from their approach who might give information
to the enemy; and all suspicious characters should be arrested
and sent to the rear."
"When skirmishers precede a line of battle preliminary to
an attack, they advance and engage the enemy, unless otherwise
instructed; and when the line arrives within range of the enemy,
they are usually recalled, and form in the rear of the command
to which they belong." (Kautz)
"FLANKERS are skirmishers placed on the flanks of an advancing
column, three or four hundred yards distant, extending from the
extremities of the line skirmishers to the rear of the column,
and parallel to it. They march in file, with intervals of ten
to twenty paces."
"Their duty is to guard against an attack from the flank,
and to give notice of the approach of an enemy in that direction.
Their duties are entirely similar to those of skirmishers; and
when forced to retire, they fall back fighting, and form on their
reserve or supports that are marching inside of them in the direction
of the column." (Kautz)
"A well-instructed and disciplined infantryman is always prepared for duty. His hours of leisure are devoted to preparation. His clothing is prepared and cleaned, his knapsack always packed, his arms and accoutrements in order, and his ammunition secure."
"The supply of necessary articles in the field should be
limited to the smallest possible amount; and industry will make
up for many a deficient article. Messes unite, and each carries
an article that can be used in common."
"The shoes are the most important item of clothing to the
foot-soldier. The army bootee is much the best. The soles should
be broad, the heels low and broad. Woolen socks should be worn.
The feet should be bathed frequently in cold water. Boots are
universally impracticable for marching."
"An hours drill, morning and afternoon, when not marching,
is necessary exercise, no matter what may be the proficiency of
the regiment or company. It takes the body in condition for service
at any moment, and is conducive to health."
"A good soldier makes his company and regiment his home,
and never absents himself without proper permission, and then
returns punctually at the expiration of his pass. The habit of
always being absent is exceedingly pernicious; it cultivates tastes
and habits that are detrimental to the soldier's best interests,
and he loses, perhaps, a favorable moment to do himself credit."
" He should learn to wait; a soldier's life is made up in
waiting for the critical moments. The times for distinction are
few, and quickly pass; and, once gone, he has a long time to wait
for the next opportunity. Constant training and faithful watching
are necessary, so that he may see the proper moment and be in
the best possible condition to perform his duty." (Kautz)
Rank
The following ranks are found at the company level in Civil War organizations:
PRIVATE-the backbone of the army. To the private falls the responsibility of obeying orders.
CORPORAL-the first step up the promotion ladder. Corporals are selected from privates noted for their military appearance and attention to duty. Knowledge of the School of the Soldier must be demonstrated through drill. Corporals are squad leaders.
"Duties of the corporal are simple, and depend for their
successful performance mainly upon his capacity to control and
direct soldiers in the performance of their duty. They take charge
of the smaller details for fatigue and police duty in camp and
garrison duty: their most important duty is that of Corporal of
the Guard. They frequently succeed to the responsibilities of
sergeant in his absence, and should, therefore, be familiar with
his duties." (Kautz)
SERGEANT-the seasoned veteran. Selected from those corporals who demonstrate leadership ability. Must also demonstrate knowledge of School of the Company through drill.
"Sergeants generally have a more general supervision of the
men, whilst corporals have more of the detail to attend to. They
have charge of the preliminary instruction of the men in their
various duties, and must preserve order. The most important duty
of sergeant is that of file closer. Posted in the rear of the
company when paraded, it is his duty to see that the men pay attention
to their duty, preserve order, march properly, and keep closed.
In time of battle, it is his duty to keep the men in ranks, not
to allow them to fall out on any pretext, and to prevent them
from misbehaving before the enemy. He is even required to shoot
men down when they attempt to run away in times of danger."
(Kautz)
FIRST SERGEANT-almost an officer. The first sergeant is the highest ranking non-commissioned officer in the company. The position is one of the most responsible and honorable that an individual may attain.
"He has immediate supervision of the company. He gets his
orders from the captain or officer commanding the company, and
sees that they are performed in the company. He is, in fact, the
foreman; the men are the artisans. He lays out and superintends
the details of the work which the captain has directed to be executed.
He keeps the rosters, and makes all the details; he superintends
the company clerk, and assists him in making out the required
papers."
"The most important task of the first sergeant relates to
the government of the company and the preservation of good order
and military discipline. This depending chiefly on innate qualifications,
definite rules, cannot easily be given. A complete control of
temper, good judgment, and a strong sense of justice are essential;
whilst a due application to duty and attention to the necessities
of the men are also of the highest importance."
"Constantly present with the company, always on hand for
every emergency, ever consulting the interests of the men and
encouraging them in their duties, he cannot fail to attach them
to the company, and make them cheerful and content, and faithful
on duty." (Kautz)
LIEUTENANT-the junior officer. Lieutenants are selected from among those non-commissioned officers demonstrating the highest commitment to the company. A practical knowledge of the Schools of the Soldier, Company and Battalion is required. Lieutenants are platoon leaders and file closers. The difference between first and second lieutenant is experience.
CAPTAIN-The Man. The captain is the company commander and is responsible for the overall performance of the company and the soldiers in the command. The captain represents the interests of the company in all battalion officer meetings; is charged with the proper instruction of the company in the military tactics of the day and leads them into battle to demonstrate those tactics. The captain is the highest ranking individual in the company and must show proficiency in the Schools of the Company and Battalion, as well as the Evolutions of the Line.
HOSPITAL STEWARD-regimental medic. A hospital steward is charged with the care and transportation of the sick, and of the hospital property and medicines. Proper medical training is required for this non-combatant position.
ORDNANCE SERGEANT-armourer. Assists soldiers in keeping arms and ammunition in order. Takes charge of the regimental ammunition reserve and gun parts, issues and insures replacement of same. Acts as regimental safety officer. Knowledge of firearms, black powder and safety procedures required.
COMMISSARY SERGEANT-food king. Has immediate control of the storehouse and receives and issues rations to the company. Assists the clerk in making up the returns. While not actually responsible for cooking, the commissary is in charge of the camp kitchen and property. The commissary sergeant needs to be both thrifty and honest.
QUARTERMASTER SERGEANT-Mr Supply. Takes charge of regimental clothing, camp and garrison equipage. Acts as foreman for all supply, teamster and labor details. Lays out camp set-up. Responsible for keeping the camp supplied with wood and water. Honesty and ability to handle details are required for promotion to this position.
SERGEANT MAJOR-in charge. The sergeant major is the ranking non-commissioned officer in the regiment and assists the adjutant; parades the details for guard and fatigue and makes sure that each has the proper equipment for the duty assigned. Keeps the official time at headquarters. Responsible for all musicians. "The sergeant major should be a model soldier for the rest of the regiment in his dress and military deportment. His example and punctual requirements of duty go far towards influencing a proper discipline in the regiment." (Kautz)
ADJUTANT-a lieutenant. Responsible for issuing the orders of the colonel.
MAJOR-lowest field grade officer. Usually has charge of a battalion of less than four companies. In a full regiment of ten companies, acts as a wing commander. Requires extensive knowledge of field strategy and tactics.
LIEUTENANT COLONEL-almost at the top. Usually commands a battalion of six companies. In a full regiment, acts as a wing commander. Requires even more extensive knowledge of tactics and must display leadership qualities among seasoned veterans as well as new recruits.
COLONEL-the top. As the regimental commander, the colonel is responsible for the organization, training, equipping and field performance of the entire battalion. He represents the battalion at brigade and higher level meetings, and coordinates with event organizers. Demonstrated ability of political as well as military experience is required.
BRIGADIER GENERAL-Commands a brigade of two or more regiments.
MAJOR GENERAL-Commands a division of two or more brigades.
LIEUTENANT GENERAL-U.S. Grant is the only officer of this rank.
BADGES
In 1863, the Army of the Potomac adopted a system of badges to designate its different corps and divisions. Soldiers are required to wear them for all campaigns of this or later periods. note-first division is red, second division is white, and third division is blue.
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